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These are also called Belief Networks or Probabilistic Inference
Networks. Initially developed by Pearl (1988).
The basic idea is:
-  Knowledge in the world is modular -- most events are conditionally
independent of most other events.
-  Adopt a model that can use a more local representation to allow
interactions between events that only affect each other.
-  Some events may only be unidirectional others may be 
bidirectional -- make a distinction between these in model.
-  Events may be causal and thus get chained together in a network.
 
 
dave@cs.cf.ac.uk